Four main user communities

In palaeontology, the development of 3D imaging techniques, such as X-ray micro-computed tomography, constitutes a veritable technological revolution. Thanks to these techniques, it is no longer necessary to cut into specimens and scientists can view the internal structure of fossils on an increasing fine scale (currently within a fraction of a micrometer). Thanks to new ways of implementing these rapidly developing techniques (by phase contrast, etc.) scientists have a much clearer picture of the morphology of zones totally imperceptible by conventional methods.

The reconstruction of Precambrian fossil embryos, for example, is helping scientists define the major stages of the embryogenesis of early metazoans [Donoghue et al.].

Micro-beam techniques can be used to gather information about the environment of ancient sites and climates of the past.
The platform participates in research extending far beyond the object itself. Research also concerns the environmental context of archaeological and palaeontological sites, the alteration process of objects over the course of time, and long-term changes in the climate.

The study of the composition of stalagmites has made it possible to track climatic trends of the past on an annual basis [Genty et al.].

Archaeology is currently the discipline that relies most heavily on synchrotron techniques to study ancient materials. These techniques provide essential information on the production modes of objects (including origins, circulation routes and technologies), as well as their uses and contexts.

Synchrotron techniques can be used to study an extremely diversified range of ancient materials, including metals, ceramics, glass, textiles, lithic materials, organic remains, colouring materials and so on.

For example, synchrotron X-ray microanalysis techniques can help scientists clarify the production stages of ferrous archaeological objects and track the dissemination of metallurgy processes in Europe [Dillmann et al.]

In the conservation sciences, synchrotron techniques are leading to a better understanding of the alteration processes affecting cultural heritage assets, such as furniture and buildings, and are making it possible, in particular, to evaluate the effectiveness of restoration treatments. In addition, micro-beam methods are being used to identify the "hand of the artist" from the molecular signature of specific studios or artists.
By combining X-ray micro-fluorescence and X-ray micro-absorption techniques, scientists have gained a better understanding of the deterioration process affecting the wood of ancient shipwrecks; this, in turn, has led to the development of treatments that can be applied to entire ships [Sandström et al.].